Night By Elie Wiesel Essays - Holocaust Literature, Night

Night by Elie Wiesel Courtroom trial (prosecution) for Night by Elie Wiesel. NIGHT PROJECT (3/15/96) * Opening Statement: Ladies and gentleman of the jury, the prosecution team is representing the state of Israel against Mr. Idek. He was a kapo ( a Jew forced to be in charge of other Jews ). He was also in charge of the warehouse for electrical equipment. Mr. Idek has been charged with cruelty to the human race and the murder of a myriad Jews at the nazi concentration camp of Buna. We are here today to prove this man's guilt in his heinous crimes against humanity beyond a shadow of a doubt. The prosecution will provide evidence of Mr. Idek beating the Jews he was in charge of just because he happened to be in a bad mood. We will also prove that Mr. Idek took advantage of and sexually harassed multiple women while in charge of the prisoners at the concentration camp. In conclusion the prosecution would ask the jury to listen to all facts and witness presented throughout this case and to come up with the only true verdict that humanity can deliver, guilty. * Questioning: (Pro - The prosecution team) (Eliezer - Elie Wiesel) (Mr. Wiesel - Eliezer's Father) (Idek - Mr. Idek) (Juliek - A violinist at the camp) (Judge - His honorable Yitzach Herschel) Eliezer Pro - Eliezer do you see the kapo that was in charge of you at the concentrat- ion camp? Eliezer - yes there ( Eliezer points to Idek ). Pro - Eliezer, when were you introduced to Idek? Eliezer - When we reached Buna, the kapos randomly chose us. Pro - What was your first "bad" impression of Idek? Eliezer - When Juliek told us to stay away from him when he had his "bouts of madness". Pro - Did you ever see Idek beat or abuse any of the prisoners? Eliezer - Yes many times, however, two of the most prominent occasions were when he beat my father and I. The first one he beat my father for not working fast enough to suit him atthe time. The second one was when he beat me for simply getting into his way. Pro - Did you ever see Mr. Idek engage in any sexual or rape of any young women at the camp while you were under his charge? Eliezer - Yes, I once walked in on him and a young girl I assume was polish (since the camp had just gotten a trainload of polish Jews). Idek caught me and said, "You wait and see kid . . . . You'll soon find out what leaving your work's going to cost you . . . . You're going to pay for this pretty soon . . . . and now, go back to your place." Pro - Did he ever carry out his threat? Eliezer - Yes, Later during roll call Idek called out, "A-7713!" I stepped forward and he ordered me to lay down on a box he had brought out. I did as I was told and then Idek proceeded to whip me I counted 25 lashes of the whip before I lost conciseness. Pro - Thank -you for your testimony Eliezer. Mr. Wiesel Pro - Mr. Wiesel do you see the kapo that was in charge of you at Buna? Mr. Wiesel - Yes, he's over there ( He points at Idek ) Pro - Were you treated any different because of your older age? Mr. Wiesel - Yes, Idek seemed to take a specific dislike towards me because I was older than most of the men that were in his charge. Pro - Thanks - you for your testimony Mr. Wiesel. Juliek Pro - Juliek do you see the kapo that was in charge of you at Buna? Juliek - Yes, he's over there ( He points at Idek ) Pro - Why were you in the orchestra block? Juliek - I was there because I am a violinist. Pro - Did you ever warn Eliezer and his father of Idek? Juliek - Yes Pro - Why? Juliek - I warned them because Idek had a split personality, he could be in a normal mood and only yell and scream at us or he could get into one of his "maddened fits" and start beating up anyone that even looked at him wrong. Also he was in one of his maddened fits almost as much as not. Pro - Thank - you for you testimony Juliek. Idek Pro

Martin Luther King Jr. Vs Malcolm X Essays - Community Organizing

Martin Luther King Jr. Vs Malcolm X Essays - Community Organizing Martin Luther King Jr. Vs Malcolm X Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X grew up in different environments. King was raised in a comfortable middle-class family where education was stressed. On the other hand, Malcolm X came from and underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination. Martin Luther King was born into a family whose name in Atlanta was well established. Despite segregation, Martin Luther Kings parents ensured that their child was secure and happy. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 and was raised in a completely different atmosphere than King, an atmosphere of fear and anger where the seeds of bitterness were planted. The burning of his house by the Klu Klux Klan resulted in the murder of his father. His mother later suffered a nervous breakdown and his family was split up. He was haunted by this early nightmare for most of his life. From then on, he was driven by hatred and a desire for revenge. The early backgrounds of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King were largely responsible for the distinct different responses to American racism. Both men ultimately became towering icons of contemporary African-American culture and had a great influence on black Americans. However, King had a more positive attitude than Malcolm X, believing that through peaceful demonstrations and arguments, blacks will be able to someday achieve full equality with whites. Malcolm Xs despair about life was reflected in his angry, pessimistic belief that equality is impossible because whites have no moral conscience. King basically adopted on an integrationalist philosophy, whereby he felt that blacks and whites should be united and live together in peace. Malcolm X, however, promoted nationalist and separatist doctrines. For most of his life, he believed that only through revolution and force could blacks attain their rightful place in society. Both X and King spread their message through powerful, hard-hitting speeches. Nevertheless, their intentions were delivered in different styles and purposes. King was basically a peaceful leader who urged non-violence to his followers. He travelled about the country giving speeches that inspired black and white listeners to work together for racial harmony. (pg. 135, Martin Luther King Jr. and the Freedom Movement) Malcolm X, for the most part, believed that non-violence and integration was a trick by the whites to keep blacks in their places. He was furious at white racism and encouraged his followers through his speeches to rise up and protest against their white enemies. After Malcolm X broke away from Elijah Mohammed, this change is reflected in his more moderate speeches. Malcolm X and Martin Luther Kings childhoods had powerful influences on the men and their speeches. Malcolm X was brought up in an atmosphere of violence. During his childhood, Malcolm X suffered not only from abuse by whites, but also from domestic violence. His father beat his mother and both of them abused their children. His mother was forced to raise eight children during the depression. After his mother had a mental breakdown, the children were all placed in foster homes. Malcolm Xs resentment was increased as he suffered through the ravages of integrated schooling. Although an intelligent student who shared the dream of being a lawyer with Martin Luther King, Malcolm Xs anger and disillusionment caused him to drop out of school. He started to use cocaine and set up a burglary ring to support his expensive habit. Malcolm Xs hostility and promotion of violence as a way of getting change was well established in his childhood. Martin Luther King lived in an entirely different environment. He was a smart student and skipped two grades before entering an ivy league college at only the age of 15. He was the class valedictorian with an A average. King paraded his graduation present in a new green Chevrolet before his fellow graduates. He was raised in the perfect environment where dreams and love were generated. King and Xs childhoods are a study in polarity. (pg. 254, Reflecting Black) Whereas, Malcolm X was raised in nightmarish conditions. Kings home was almost dream-like. He was raised in a comfortable middle-class home where

Merit system raises vs. Performance raises Essay

Merit system raises vs. Performance raises - Essay Example Key steps are the main reason to have resulted in the expansion and estimated increase of the annual monetary value contrary to the reduction of annual monetary in the field (Bernanke, 2006). Firstly, the expansion of services of the Agency to South Carolina, secondly, the acquisition of Family Resources, Inc. of Beaufort, SC, which also resulted in staff increase. Finally, it is the strategies that are followed to sensor the environment for needs and adapt to provide solutions following even a restructure in organization hierarchy or proper use of information (Choo, 2001). Growing Home Southeast complied with the former by monitoring client needs to increase productivity and acquiring new skills. Growing Home Southeast is recommended to adopt the merit raise program to further increase productivity. The merit pay program is based on salary increase according to employee productivity and effectiveness (Silva, 1998). As one increases so does the other. Salary increments are not removed if productivity reduces employees therefore, are constantly motivated to achieve high performance. Bearing in mind such a payment program, it is implied that the selling product is appealing to the customer; not even the best marketing approaches can guarantee effective purchases of an indifferent product. Merit pay system is a performance-based system falling under this wider category.

Consideration and Intention to Create Legal Relation Essay

Consideration and Intention to Create Legal Relation - Essay Example This is a case of acceptance by conduct. Acceptance need not necessarily be in writing. In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball1, Miss Carlill demonstrated her acceptance of the offer by purchasing the smoke ball Another issue for determination is whether there was the intention by the parties to create a legally binding relationship. We will access the issue of promissory estoppels to access the existence of legal relationship between the parties. In England and Wales, Lord Denning interpreted promissory estoppels to be a promise that had been made by one party to another with the intention of creating legal relations2. The promise should be made with knowledge that it is going to be relied on by the other party. In the instance case, the bank approached Bubba with a promise to change the terms in the contract on how the loan was to be repaid following Bubba’s financial crisis. This promise was relied on by Bubba. The bank will therefore not be allowed to go back from it s promise. This is primarily owing to the fact that it had been acted upon by the recipient. After realizing that Bubba’s fortune had turned, the proposal to Bubba to revert to the old system of payment constituted an offer to Bubba which he was entitled to accept or reject. The bank now demands that Bubba should pay the lump sum for eight months as well as repay the loan within a period of three years as per the earlier agreement. The earlier agreement had been revoked upon the establishment of new terms by the bank that was accepted by Bubba. The facts in the high trees case, involved a situation at the beginning of Second World War where High Trees House had leased some flat in London from Central property. As a result of the war, occupancy rates drastically went down. The parties therefore made an agreement to cut down the rent that was payable by half. When the situation turned around after the war, Central London property sued for the full rent. The court held that they were entitled to full payment of rent. However, they could not recover the amount that they had agreed to cut down the rent by during the period of war Lord Denning based his decision in the previous case3 which held that if a party to a contract leads another person to believe that they will not enforce their legal rights, they cannot go back from this promise, especially if the other party had accepted the promise and altered his position in reliance on the promise. In the case of Smith v. Hughes4, the court held that for there to be a valid contract, there must be a meeting of the minds of two parties who intend to be legally bound. For there to be meeting of the minds, offeree must communicate his acceptance of the offer to the offeror. It is not necessary that acceptance should be communicated verbally. It can in some situations be inferred from the conduct of the parties. The court in the case of Brodgen v. Metropolitan Railway Company5 held that acceptance can be inferred fr om the conduct. In this case the plaintiff had been supplying the company with coals for some of years. The plaintiff thereafter came up with a suggestion that they needed to enter into a formal contract. Their respective agents met and engaged in some negotiations on the best agreement that they wanted to enter into. The company’s agent then drew up the contract which he sent to the plaintiff for approval. The court held that the company’s acceptance could be inferred from its conduct. By

Microsoft Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Microsoft - Term Paper Example What is the company’s overall mode of doing business? Microsoft’s overall mode of doing business revolves around its strategies and diversification. Established back in 1975, the company has made significant progress in the area of information technology. Their aim was to facilitate people and organizations in doing business globally with an integrated computer technology (Farhoomand). They have altered the way people use to communicate, entertain and work by developing a list of market software, hardware and service devices. These were based upon enhancing the convenience level and revealing an entirely new area of opportunities. Their mode of doing business is incorporated with the development of significant revenues, sustenance of services and products, trade of hardware devices and advertisement of portfolio to a wide range of customers (Farhoomand). Their fundamental product range includes operating systems particularly designed for contemporary computers, phones, servers and the devices with enhanced artificial intelligence. Additionally they have server and productivity applications, solution generating business applications, facilities for online marketing and video games (Farhoomand). All of these products and service features are available to their customers around the globe with an addition of hardware devices such as Surface RT, Kinect especially for Xbox 360 etc. Furthermore, Microsoft provides an experience of online browsing and communication through its products including Bing, MS office, Skype etc. (Rivkin). In order to increase the work experience of their clients they are continuously working for the further development of hardware, software and services consistent with the latest technology. They extensively believe in the empowerment of individuals and businesses through providing them value and opportunities to grow (Farhoomand). Following Income Statement of Microsoft Corporation represents the financial position of the comp any in the year 2012-2013 (Earnings Release FY14 Q1: Financial Statement). How are they positioned competitively in the markets they serve and what are their fundamental strengths and weaknesses that play into their positioning? Positioning Microsoft is competitively positioned in the consumer and business markets through the incorporation of software and hardware devices and an extensive range of applications for business solutions and entertainment (Farhoomand). In a broader perspective their business positioning can be categorized into following segments (Farhoomand). Platform Services and Products: This segment is particularly positioned to provide the online services to the global customers such as internet browsing, communication, networking etc. Business Segment: Microsoft has greatly enhanced the overall nature of businesses internationally through providing its renowned office applications. However, in order to remain competitive Microsoft did not chose to cater the needs o f large multinational organizations which were already benefitting from Oracle and Sap rather it positioned itself to the small enterprises. Entertainment Segment: Microsoft entered into the gaming market in 2001. This initiation was intended to position the company’s products and services to the entertainment industry. Strengths and Weaknesses Microsoft’s major strengths include its provision of advanced services provided to the global customers while continuously evaluating and improving its management plans. Although the drastic change in political environment and increase in terrorist activities have brought greater challenges for the company but Microsoft was able to manage its business operations and product positioning through research and

Examination Of The Business Ethics Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Examination Of The Business Ethics Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay The business ethics report I want to write is about pollution. Pollution is the most important and most concern today. The environment pollution becomes a harmful level of pollutants in the natural resources air, water, and land (soil), which these three natural resources is the main, causes the global warming. Air pollution exists when a harmful amount of pollutants contains in air, such as dust, gases, smog or fumes. The pollutants could be harmful to health of humans and animals, or which may cause damage to plants (EPA Victoria, 2006). However, the existing issue of global warming is main cause by greenhouse gases (air) with major content of carbon dioxide (Teller et al., 1997). Water pollution main cause is runoff from agricultural fields and industrial sites, in which pollutants from agricultural fields and industrial sites in-flood to rivers and ocean. Other than air (oxygen) is main source for human survival; water was the second important source for human to survive. Additionally, water from forest always provides higher quality water, with the lower pollutants (Dudley and Stolton, 2003). Environmental pollution also involves of land(soil) pollution which defined as a phenomenon characterized by the loss of structural and biological properties by the soil layer as cause by human and natural factors, such as strong wind, chemical use, and deforestation, in which land and forest also is home for millions of creatures (EHow, no date). Summary In this article, human factors inevitably encroached the forbidden zone such as deforestation of forest reserve, indirectly causes water and air pollution as well. The developers with the interest to build houses (Kampung Tersusun Anggerik) due to the growing population of Malays, and due to limited land, the development projects had been inevitably encroached the forbidden zone with the bulldozers, uprooting the old growth in forest reserve (Hilary, 2010). Therefore, the District Office issued a stop work-order action against the development project due to the following complaints from Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) (Hilary, 2010). According to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment issued strict and detailed guidelines to all Governments and Federal Agencies in connection with hill slope development, known as the Garis Panduan Pembangunan di Kawasan Tanah Tinggi (GPPDKTT), in between 26Â ° gradient and 35Â ° gradient (measured on existing contours and not after cutting and filling) slopes development may considered as consult to detailed studies and evaluation, additionally, GPPDKTT prohibits any development in an area with a gradient of above 35 degrees (Fernandez, 2006). Refers to the articles incident, the developer has no comply with GPPDKTT rules and regulation, wherein the project site has fall into Class 3 (above 26Â ° gradient) and Class 4 (above 35Â ° gradient) slopes which are environmentally dangerous areas that should not have any form of physical development (Hilary, 2010). The residents living near to the project had opposed the development project and one of the residents comment that we getting shock after heard about a human settlement are going to develop in the reserve forest and which are steeply slopes, Mrs. Chong said (Hilary, 2010). In addition, Mrs. Chong insisted that they opposed it was not against the creation of a Malay village, but just to given an advised to relocated the development project to a safety place (Hilary, 2010). However, the director of Natural Forest Private Limited (Alam Rimba Sdn Bhd) Azmen Ahmad claimed that the title of land was approved by government 15 years ago, because of the shortage of land due to the growth population of Malays in Cameron Highlands (Hilary, 2010). Meanwhile, the developer claimed that the project had obtained a work permit from the Land and District Office. However, the District officer had refused to be interviewed and conveyed a text of no comment through his personal assistant (Hilary, 2010). The impact of pollution In my business report, I choose to do on environment pollution is one of the factors causes global warming. Nowadays, the global warming already become the personally responsible for every human in the world, and from the movie of Ice Age: Meltdown was on purposely to raise awareness of global warming (Kellstedt et al., 2008). In my article, human being with the development project (Kampung Tersusun Anggerik) deforestation the forest reserve had indirectly cause land (soil), water, and air pollution. Land Pollution The human being uprooting the old growth in forest reserve have cause the incident of silting creeks that feed into the river (Sungai Tela), in which the river was main water supply for residents living at Cameron Highland (Hilary, 2010). However, uprooting the old growth or deforestation the forest reserve will impact landslides which will indirectly lead to rising temperatures as global warming (Hilary, 2010). Water Pollution From the article, the incident of silting creeks that feed into the river was clearly showed that land pollution will impact water pollution. Besides, the river was the main water supply for residents staying at Cameron Highlands (Hilary, 2010). As mention on introduction, if well managed the water from forest, it will provides higher quality water with the less pollutants (Dudley and Stolton, 2003). Therefore, the development project on the article not only impact on polluted the land (soil), its also polluted the water from forest. Air Pollution Therefore, the both land (soil) and water pollutions will indirectly increase the temperatures and then cause of the global warming. Global warming is main cause by greenhouse gases with major context of carbon dioxide (Teller et al., 1997). Carbon dioxide is use to enhance plant growth by photosynthesis process. In my article, if District Office did not take action against the development project, the forest being deforestation, the number of carbon dioxide will increase in the forest. At the end, the global warming issue will become more and more serious. Thesis In my article is clearly shown the thesis that how people opposed the development project which is harmful to the natural environment by the impact of pollution. Land pollution is the main cause of the development process, wherein it is indirectly impact on air and water pollution. The pollution started from the landslides to rising temperatures, from the illegal uprooting old growth from the land to cause river contamination. These entire incidents were seriously harmful to their residents nearby. Egoism In the article, the theory of egoism proven that people are applying in their personal lives as, they are morally right to make decision for their personal benefits instead of applying utilitarianism (Crane and Matten, 2007). The developers applying the egoism theory in their job to deforestation the forest reserve, and it caused the incident of silting creeks that feed into the river (Sungai Tela), where by the river was the main water supply for Cameron Highlands (Hilary, 2010). In social responsibility of business, the developers are morally right to make decision for their personal benefits. As Milton Friedman (1970) wrote that there is one and only one social responsibility of business, businesses had no moral duty to to good, but only to increase the wealth of its shareholders by increasing profits. In social responsibility developers may morally right with interest in building house for Malays due to the increasingly population, but in ethics theory they apply egoism in making decision for their own benefits only. Although the development project area was the forest reserve with the work permit approval, but there was a part of the forest reserve is steeply slope area wherein is not suitable for any physical development. The developers was clearly did not follow the rules and regulations (GPPDKTT) which strictly issued by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (Fernandez, 2006). Utilitarianism The egoism of pleasure is due to the philosophical opponents of utilitarianism, whereby utilitarianism is in an action with motive of morally right to gain a result for greatest amount of people satisfied with their needs and wants. From the philosophy utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill (1863) have been influential in modern economic theory, wherein the distribution of the happiness and minimize the unhappiness should be standardized to everyone by which actions are judged right or wrong (Henry, 2004). In the article, although the development project is build houses for the Malay villages due to the increasing population, however, in short term the will distributed the goods of houses to Malays, but in long term the houses in endanger the Malay villages which are staying on the steeply slopes houses. The residents who are staying nearby the development project had applied the utilitarianism ethics theory to voice up and opposed the development project, because a part of the forest re serve was in steeply slope hill site. o, if the project is on-going it will endanger the Malay residents who will stay at the steeply slope area in future. Additionally, the residents applied utilitarianism theory instead of egoism theory, wherein they opposed the development project was not against to Malays, just given an advised to relocated the development project to a safety place instead of build in a endanger steeply sloping hill (Hilary, 2010). Ethics of duties The ethics of duties theory is an act that shirt towards rules of utilitarianism. Philosopher Kant (1724-1804) discovers the ethics of duties theory is the fundamental moral law that would determined humans action without regard to its consequences (White, 1993). In my article, we can seem that after consideration of the incident of the silting creeks, Land District Officers have do their job with applied the ethics of duties theory, in which issued the developer to stop working in the endanger area of development. Therefore, the Districts officer is only the important person to stop the incident run into a serious situation, where by the development project may impact more unlikely incidents to happen, such as land slide. Ethics of duties In antithesis, the ethics of duties theory is an act that shirt towards rules of egoism. In my article, the Land and District Officer and the developers had applied the egoism theory due to the interest of build houses for Malays and maximize shareholders profits, they had ignored the ethics of duties theory. As universal knowledge that forest reserve are not allow any developer to deforestation, in which under Act 313, National Forestry Act 1984 (Law of Malaysia, 2006). However, the Land and District Office had ignored the ethics of duty theory with giving the work permit to the developers to uprooting old growth in forest reserve to build houses in the dangerous steeply slope area. Ethics of right The ethics of right and justice theory come after the ethics of duties theory, and the ethics of right and justice theory explain that every individual in given situation with the result that everybody should get what they deserve. Its related to philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) theory, he claimed that human should be entitled to the notion of right and moral right to gain the respected and protected in every action (Aldrich, 1999). In my article, the ethics of right theory was applied by the residents stay nearby the development project who opposed the development project, however, the District Officer only applied the ethics of right theory after incident of the silting creeks that feed into the river (Sungai Tela) and issued the stop-work order to developers. Virtue ethics Human who applied virtue ethics is contends with morally correct actions and behavior. Professor Sandra Borden proposes that virtue ethics theory refers to understanding of doing right thing and do thing right to addressing those ethical challenges (Borden, 2007). As the same, the Land and District Officers and the developers with the interest of profits had ignored virtue ethics, in which illegally deforestation steeply slope forest reserve to build house for Malays. Feminist ethics theory Feminist ethics theory is modern western ethics theory which Carol Gilligan(1982) approach to business ethics focuses on the importance of women have fairly different attitudes from men with significant impact on the way handled the ethical conflicts (Kuhse et al., 1998). In addition, feminist ethics theory is an approach to avoid harm for those principles such as peace and healthy social relationship, and care for one another. Thus, in my article the residents stay near to the development project had applied the feminist ethics theory to opposed the endanger development project, wherein they opposed it was not against to Malays and just as a simple meaning care for one another. Pollution act From the issued in my article, there are few related pollution acts: Act A1286 Street, Drainage and Building (Amendment) Act 2007 Act A1286 Street, Drainage and Building (Amendment) Act 2007 (Law of Malaysia, 2007) is an Act related to the Garis Panduan Pembangunan di Kawasan Tanah Tinggi (GPPDKTT). GPPDKTT stated that there is not allowed any development in an area with a gradient of above 35 degrees with the measured on existing contours and not after cutting and filling (Fernandez, 2006). As a part of development project is an area with gradient of above 35 degrees, so, the land are protect by Act A1286, Street, Drainage and Building (Amendment) Act 2007, which prohibit for any development project (Law of Malaysia, 2007). Act 313 National Forestry Act 1984 Act 313, National Forestry Act 1984 is an Act to provide for the administration, management and conservation of forests and forestry development within States of Malaysia and for connected purpose (Law of Malaysia, 2006). Therefore, forest reserve are protected by Act 313, National Forestry Act 1984, so, the Land and District Office is not allow to give any work permit to the any development project, because the development project is under the forest reserve area (Law of Malaysia, 2006). Thus, state government of Malaysia should take action against the Land and District Officer and the developers. Conclusion In conclusion, there are number of Acts playing their roles to protect our environment pollution, but somehow human who applied egoism theory for their own short-term or long-term benefits go against the Acts, for example, corruption. In addition, pollution is the most serious issued for everyone to take care, especially air pollution, it is because human need oxygen to continue survives and forest most important green environment supplier us oxygen. Other than that, although business ethics theory had teach in our education, but there still are people who keep continue deforestation. Therefore, the rules of regulations (Acts) should be strictly to all people who inevitably encroached into forest reserve by punishments. So, all of us should take responsible to our natural environment and stop people illegally deforestation the forest reserve. Every individual should be educated or adapted business ethics theories to save our globe from global warming.

Physics of the Sweet Spot on a Baseball Bat :: physics sport sports baseball

The focus of my research is isolating and locating the "sweet spot" on a baseball bat. I chose to avoid presenting raw data, but to examine the science that causes this reaction. Participants of this sport probably have first hand or an intuitive knowledge of this saying. Locating the "sweet spot" can be done at home. A simple experiment of your on can be done using either a wood or aluminum bat. The only apparatus required is a hammer. Gripping the bat by the handle suspend perpendicular from the floor. Using a hammer, tap in various places on the barrel of the bat. As you approach the center of the barrel, vibration from the force will diminish. Vibrational modes will be detected from the hand gripping the bat. Every baseball bat has a â€Å"sweet spot.† When a baseball hits a bat in the wrong place your hands â€Å"sting,† it means the force of the collision has excited waves or vibrations called modes. When the ball is hit at the node it will not sting your hands. A mode generates two nodes or a position of zero displacement. A baseball bat consists of two major nodes; this region is proverbially known as the â€Å"sweet zone.† Higher frequency modes affect the ball speed, but can hardly be felt by the batter. Baseball bat vary in lengths, but generally the â€Å"sweet spot† is approximately 17 cm from the end of the barrel of a major league baseball bat. A collision near the node reduces the vibrations felt by the hand. The existence of the â€Å"sweet spot† is mainly because the vibrations do not agitate at that particular node. Impact on the first node will not excite the first mode, but will affect the second mode. Thus is true for the second node’s relationship with the first mode. Close to where the point of percussion occurs is the â€Å"sweet spot.† According to a study done by H. Brody at the Physics Department of the University of Pennsylvania, â€Å"A bat of mass M and with initial velocity zero can be treated as a free-body that is hit by a ball whose momentum changes due to the interaction.† At the time of percussion the bat will oscillate which indicates a transferal of kinetic energy into vibrational energy and some kinetic energy is lost. When all this occurs it is an extremely aggressive action. The bat has a massive force on the ball changing the direction and speed. EQUATIONS Newtons Second Law of Motion "An unbalanced force causes an object to move in the direction of the force.

Evaluating Eligibility Rules

All three are open 24/7 and each can accommodate up to twenty youths a night. As with cost social services, the determining of financial and clinical eligibility is the deciding factor for these at-risk youth benefiting from the programs provided beyond emergency services. The services they provide after eligibility has been established are case management, physical and mental health services, chemical dependency services, legal assistance, school engagement, job readiness and assistance, and finding safe and stable housing.There are many types of criteria that can be evaluated for a variety of different organizations such as: prior contributions, administrative rule, private contracts, professional discretion, Judicial decision, attachment to the workforce, and means testing which are only specific to eligibility rules as there are many forms of benefits and services which are only specific criteria to benefits and services such as standardization, target efficiency, trade-offs, cos t-effectiveness, substitutability, coerciveness/intrusiveness.Some criteria specific to eligibility rules such as over-illumination's, overwhelming costs, off-targeting benefits and stigma/alienation are criteria specific benefits which are considered facial problems that work against the achievement of a functional policy and programs and definitely work against adequacy, equity, and efficiency.These special problems are most often created by the presence of the eligibility rules which have direct relation to those listed as special problems and if relevant to this organization they will be discussed as evaluated for merit of its fit with the social problem conception that underlies the program or policy under consideration. â€Å"For a program or policy to be a coherent solution to a social problem, those who receive the orgasms benefits and/or services must be included within the group whom the social problem analysis Identifies as having a problem,† (Chambers ; Wedded, 20 05, Chi. , p. 118). This evaluation will cover the criteria for benefits and services and criteria for eligibility rules of this particular organization's social policies and programs. Already known are the benefit types which are affiliated with this particular organization thus with such benefit types also provides an implication of goals, and objectives for adequacy, equity, and efficiency. This organization meets he criteria for a Value-critical Appraisal of Social Policy Programs. Basic Policy Collectivities | 1. Purposes. Long term & Short term. Manifest 1 1.Specific to goals and objectives (a) not Just service and delivery but the end product. (b) clarity, insurability, manipulability. Implications of goals and objectives for adequacy, equity, and efficiency. 3. Fit of goals and objectives with the social problem analysis: problem definition and variables (consequences) in casual analysis. I Forms of Benefits and Services 1 1. Personal social services (â€Å"expert servicesà ¢â‚¬ )2. â€Å"Hard benefits†: cash, goods, Commodities. Credits/vouchers. Subsidies. Government loan guarantees. Protective regulations. Power over decisionsEach party donates or exchanges what the other needs or wants in which some come with specific stipulations. Often promises to contribute a certain amount to a certain organization within a specific allotment of time are made in order for them to receive what they are in need of now. The Cocoon House has promised, demonstrated and provided the end result they proposed. Every business arrangement, any affiliations, and all involvements with are for the betterment of the at-risk youths and young adults that are homeless within Washington. Weakness in eligibility rules were not shown nor implicated.These rules were well-formed, clear and concise and most-likely will avoid any political intervention in the operation of the organization unless intentionally welcomed. The Judgment of the evaluated eligibility rules are believ ed to be fair and sufficient. They are believed to be such because they fit with the social problem analysis and problem definition/ target group specifications along with the Reference Chambers, D. E. , & Wedded, K. R. (2005). Social Policy and Social Programs: A Method for the Practical Public Policy Analyst (thee. ). Boston, MA: Allan and Bacon

Should the NCAA Continue to Monitor and Enforce Compliance on the Collegiate Level

Should the NCAA Continue to Monitor and Enforce Compliance on the Collegiate Level Introduction The National Collegiate Academic Association was established approximately one hundred years ago with the principal objective of monitoring and regulating athletic sports practices at the collegiate level and universities. The main purpose of the organization is to ensure fairness, safety, equitability and sportsmanlike conduct in intercollegiate athletics (NCAA, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Should the NCAA Continue to Monitor and Enforce Compliance on the Collegiate Level? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More NCCA also aims at ensuring the integration of intercollegiate athletics into higher education in order to ensure that the educational experience of the student-athlete is supreme. This implies that the policies adopted by the body embraces both academics and athletics excellence. In the light of this view, there is need for institutional control, which broadly refers to efforts adopted by the institutions to comply with the NCCA rules and look into violations that may take place (NCAA, 2011). Intercollegiate athletics in the present day is characterized by a number of complex legislations, administrative processes and laws. Effective implementation of these needs comprehensive knowledge and feasible advice in order to foster compliance in an area that is often characterized by extreme public scrutiny (Bill, 2011). In addition, effective implementation within the context of higher education needs a cost-effective implementation of the resources in a manner that is consistent with the educational goals of NCCA. The current state of collegiate sports is characterized with cases of increasing scandals, improper benefits, violations by the sports agents and those in charge of recruitment poses the need to investigate the effectiveness of the NCAA to foster compliance and monitoring of the collegiate institutions and their respective sports practices (Taylor, 2011). The re al problem is within the organizational structure of the collegiate sports. Cases of malpractices within the collegiate sports are on the increase. For instance, during 2010, the National Collegiate Athletic Association summoned the University of Southern California after finding out cases of improper benefits. According to reports by Yahoo Sports, millions of dollars had been given to at least seventy Hurricanes Football players in a period of at least 8 years.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The real scandal cannot be attributed to the improper benefits and malpractice by the agents and recruiter, rather with the structure and the principles that NCAA justifies its establishment basing on the principles of amateurism and student athlete. Notable violations include the skeptical hoaxes, legalistic confections that are initiated by higher institutions in order to e xploit the fame and the skills of the youthful athletes (Smith, 2011). This culminates to unfair and unequal treatment of the college athletes due to the fact that some are paid while others are not. There will be a number of ethical and legal issues concerning this research including the principle of voluntary participation, preservation and anonymity of the respondents and the potential harm or good that may be as a result of the research (Ruane, 2005). This research will serve to add to the current knowledge regarding the status of the collegiate sports and to determine whether the NCAA should continue monitoring and reinforcing compliance. Variables Independent Variables: The types of collegiate athletics malpractices: the various types of malpractices will be used as a major indicator of the compliance and regulative failures associated with the structure and objectives of NCAA. Number of college institutions complying with the NCAA rules: This variable will be used to evaluat e the prevalence of college athletics malpractices between complying and non-complying institutions The number of students involved in sports malpractices: This will be used to assess the rate of involvement of students in the violations of NCAA rules and the underlying causation factors for their involvement in malpractices in college sports. This will be vital in assessing the structural failures of the institutions that are not complying with the NCAA rules Unfairness among the college athletes and the NCAA rules and regulations: this will indicate the ineffectiveness of the implementation of the NCAA rules and regulations by the colleges. The documented number of violations by the college institutions in the United States. Dependent Variables: The need to reinforce monitoring and compliance by the NCAA: this will depend on the extremities of the identified malpractices due to non-compliance The effectiveness of NCAA in reducing malpractices in collegiate sports, which will dep end on the overall extent of the violations of the NCAA. Summary The increase in violations and malpractices in collegiate sports questions the effectiveness of the NCAA in fostering monitoring and compliance of the college institutions (Bill, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Should the NCAA Continue to Monitor and Enforce Compliance on the Collegiate Level? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notable areas of concern include cases of increasing scandals, improper benefits, violations by the sports agents and those in charge of recruitment poses the need to investigate the effectiveness of the NCAA to foster compliance and monitoring of the collegiate institutions and their respective sports. Ethical and legal issues identified that are associated with carrying out of this research include principle of voluntary participation, preservation and anonymity of the respondents and the potential harm or good that m ay be as a result of the research. This research will be an effective tool that can be used for recommendations regarding the reinforcement of compliance by the NCAA. Review Of Literature An increase in the number of scandals entailing college athletes receiving money and other types of improper benefits and with the increase in the cases of violations by the sports agents and the recruiting personnel has tainted the reputation that college sports had. Collegiate institutions such as the University of Miami, University of South Carolina and the University of North Carolina have been on the limelight for violation of the NCAA rules rather than administering education to students (Elkin, 2011). The NCAA has the sole responsibility of enforcing accountability within the college; however, it has been hesitant to adopt strategies to address the increasing cases of the violations of the established rules and regulations. Mc Millen (2011) considers the assumption that the National Collegia te Athletic Association can implement safeguards and administer punishments for the institutions that violate its rules as a wishful thinking. In the light of this, Mc Millen (2011) asserts that the NCAA is not ready to address the problems that it created; as a result, the college trustees should play a forefront role in ensuring the goals of NCAA are achieved together with the educational excellence of student athletes.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reforms in the NCAA to constrain colleges’ expenditure in sports have failed since most of such transactions are carried off the book, making it hard to detect and administer punishments (Taylor, 2011). The situation is worsened by the perception that college athletics is a multi-billion dollar industry characterized by sports budgets that are bloated and highly paid trainers and coaches and recruiters who use the funds available to recruit the top talent in the sport. The ineffectiveness of the NCAA in punishment administration is worsened by the fact that the most of culprits often move on after the punishment for administration have been issued. For instance, Mc Millen (2011) notes the USD 4 million annual pay for football coach within the University of South Carolina. While the NCAA was investigating the matter, the accused coach was given another contract as the head coach for a five year contract at Seattle Seahawks worth USD 30 million. By the time the sanctions agains t the football team at the USC were issued, the coach was already gone. This is a clear indication of structural failures with the organization. Mc Millen (2011) says that colleges usually take pride when their sports teams are successful. Cases of scandals usually affect their reputations. In the light of this view, Mc Millen (2011) proposes that colleges have the inherent capacity and capability to deploy measures to eliminate the malpractices in collegiate sport programs. This implies that the college trustees and the college regents can effectively adopt effective solutions when compared to the NCAA president s who are less conversant in collegiate sports programs and are faced with intense economic pressure from the fans (Mc Millen, 2011). Presently, most of the boards are extremely comfortable with their athletic departments; as a result, most of the board members tend to forget that their responsibility is to safeguard the institutions and not the trainers and coaches and sat isfying the fans. This puts the college trustees in a position that they can effectively maintain the standards (Smith, 2011). In addition, a significant number of the colleges are laxative in relation to their sports programs due to the high profits accrued from the sports broadcasting and the revenue received from the fans. This results in reluctance towards the policing of the practices of the coaches, the players and the directors of athletic departments (Fleisher, 1992). Therefore, the trustees and regents of collegiate institutions have a legal and moral obligation to ensure that they are involved in practices that are deemed right for their institutions (Fiutak, 2011). The adoption of the recommendations by the Association of Governing Boards and Colleges will help in minimizing cases associated with the violations of the NCAA legislations and the law. Some of the recommendations by Mc Millen (2011) to eliminate malpractices in the collegiate sports include annual approval of the budgets for the sports programs and their most important capital expenses by the college regents; annual auditing of the expenditures incurred by the athletic department by external auditors who are independent; establishment of a committee that have the responsibility of monitoring compliance with the NCAA legislations and the academic performance of the student athlete and the approval of coach and directors compensation by the board (Yaeger, 1991). A survey conducted by Mc Millen (2011) concluded that a number of colleges are starting to acknowledge the significance of these recommendations. For instance, regents undertake annual auditing of the athletic department within the Kansas State University. Similar practices were adopted at the University of Michigan through the signing off on the operating and capital budgets adopted by the athletic department. In addition, panels have been established to address athletic problems have been established in the University of Colorad o and Georgetown University, University of Wisconsin, University of Oklahoma and Texas AM University (Taylor, 2011). These colleges are also embarking on the approval of any adjustments in the compensation for their athletic personnel. Mc Millen (2011) therefore concluded that the NCAA requires to be more careful in ensuring that colleges comply with its legislations and foster accountability within the college boards. In addressing the issues in college sports, schools do not have the responsibility in addressing the violations of the rules, but can help in preventing their occurrences, which serves to take place of the void created by the incapability of the NCAA (Mc Millen, 2011). The increasing number of sanctions adopted by the NCAA issued to Ohio, Texas, Auburn and Tennessee denotes the nature of the present college sports. This poses significant concerns as to who is to be blamed, and the steps that NCAA can implement in order to fix all the problems that are facing college a thletics. Fiutak (2011) argues that the NCAA is responsible for the present state of affairs in college athletics and argues that the problem is mainly due to rules that are deemed unrealistic and unfair. In addition, the situation is worsened by the fact that the NCAA openly admitted that it lacks the capability to reinforce the rules that it established. Fiutak further argues that the NCAA has not adopted fruitful efforts in preventing sports programs from engaging in cheating and ensuring that there are minimal cases of improper benefits and incentives. Fiutak (2011) agrees with Mc Millen (2011) that NCAA lacks that the capability to fix the issues of compliance and monitoring of the college institutions with regard to college sports. Fiutak notes that most of the scandals in college sports are usually uncovered by the media and concludes that the legislative measures adopted by NCAA are not effective in imposing some level of deterrence. There are no simple solutions to address the complex issues rocking college athletics (Mc Millen, 2011). There are number of limitations of the NCAA in addressing this issue of compliance and monitoring of college sports programs. A practical limitation that NCAA faces is the manpower and the resources required for investigating scandals in the college sports programs. Unless the media is legalized to blow up the scandals, this task is considered as too big for the NCAA; a fact that the organization has already admitted. The second constraint is that the NCAA can be provided with wrong facts. This is worsened by the fact that there are no legal provisions at the federal and state level that can result to perjury charges for providing the NCAA with falsified information (NCAA, 2011). This means that lack of appropriate and accurate evidence makes it hard for the NCAA to administer punishment and reinforce its compliance and monitoring goals. It is important for the NCAA to have an understanding of its limitations, and explo it them to develop effective solutions to the problems facing college sports programs. Fiutak (2011) suggests the granting of amnesty for the scandals that took place in the past as a starting point, after which the colleges, coaches and administrators must engage in self-reporting by collaborative working with the NCAA. According to this approach, compliance, monitoring and accountability rests with the college, and the NCAA only steps in during cases of the violations of the legislations. Case by case analysis is needed for violations that are done off-the-book without the involvement of the major parties (Mc Millen, 2011). Leniency is guaranteed provided that there are self-reporting efforts and corrective steps aimed at making the situation right. Any potential cases of violations and deviations from the principles of NCAA are adequate enough to amount to ban from participation in the NCAA championships. Fiutak notes that the current steps adopted by the NCAA are not effective a nd it is time to step out of the line and use stringent legislations that have no provisions for future scandals and malpractices. In addition, Fiutak recommends that the players are also supposed to be allocated a fair share of the blame and face the consequences. This approach however requires much effort from the coaches in terms of individual monitoring of the players. The focus should also aim at helping the student athletes achieve their academic goals. Fiutak concludes that the issues of compliance and monitoring are fixable, although NCAA has to be more realistic due to the fact that times have changed and its approaches also need a review (Fiutak, 2011). Lack of institutional control by the NCAA is also a significant issue that imposes significant impacts on the compliance and monitoring of college sports programs. The NCAA has been on the forefront in highlighting the institutions that have violated its legislations and engaged in malpractices (Mc Millen, 2011). The outcom e of this is there is increasing frenzy while there are no feasible solutions. As a result, NCAA has managed to escape scrutiny, yet the real issue rests within its administrative structure. The NCAA is considered corrupt, which is a significant constraint towards effective implementation of compliance and monitoring by the colleges. In addition, the NCAA establishes the rules as times goes by. Most of the justification for the sanctions adopted by NCAA base on a reasoning that is post hoc, making it almost impractical for the colleges to navigate (Elkin, 2011). For instance, in the case of the sanctions imposed on the University of South Carolina, heavy penalties were imposed due to lack of compliance. A survey by Fiutak (2011) reported that the NCAA does not have guidelines in its legislations stating the minimum number of compliance officers that the individual colleges must have. In the case of USC, the NCAA did not state prior to the sanction that the college did not have suffi cient compliance officers. Lack of clarity in the NCAA legislations makes it difficult to implement effective compliance and monitoring in sports programs in colleges. Lack of institutional control is one of the principal reasons why NCAA is not effective in ensuring compliance and monitoring of the colleges and their respective athletics programs. The semi-voluntary nature of the organization imposes significant limitations regarding its level of institutional control and its susceptibility to manipulation by the colleges (Taylor, 2011). It is arguably evident that most of elements of theoretical framework have focused on the role that the colleges’ trustees and regents can play in ensuring compliance and monitoring frameworks. The existing and proposed solutions on the issue have shifted focus from the structural role of NCAA in fostering compliance and monitoring of the college sports programs (Taylor, 2011). This creates a void between the institutional roles and accounta bility and the role of the NCAA in ensuring that the colleges comply with its regulations in order to eliminate cases of malpractices in collegiate athletics. Despite the efforts adopted by colleges to enhance accountability and compliance, the NCAA has a responsibility of ensuring that compliance is actually taking places according to the reports by the colleges (Taylor, 2011). Effective implementation needs adequate institutional control for this strategy to be effective. This poses the need to determine whether the NCAA should continue monitoring and enforcing compliance at the collegiate level, which is the primary focus of this research. Research Question Owing to the current status of athletic at collegiate level, it is vital to deploy appropriate structural policies to ensure that institutions at collegiate level are complying with the legislations established by the NCAA. Prior to reaching a conclusive opinion, it is also important to assess the effectiveness of the current monitoring and compliance strategies. This will provide a theoretical framework that describes the conditions under which the proposed monitoring and compliance enforcement should take place. Basing on this framework, the following is the research question. Should the NCAA continue to monitor and enforce compliance on the collegiate level? Method Purpose When assessing the effectiveness of the NCAA in eliminating malpractice in college sports programs and the attainment of educational excellence for student athlete, most authors relied on qualitative approaches for their surveys and the resulting conclusions. This study will deploy a qualitative approach to determine the answer to the established research question (Ruane, 2005). A significant body of research in relation to the topic based on the roles and responsibilities of the colleges in enhancing accountability and fostering compliance with the rules and legislations of the NCAA. This leaves a void in assessing the effectivenes s of the NCAA in monitoring and enforcing compliance. This is the framework adopted in this research, which focuses on the role of the role of the NCAA in monitoring and enforcing compliance at the collegiate level. On a wider perspective, the purpose of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the NCAA in addressing the problems associated with the sports programs at the collegiate level. On a narrow perspective, this research aims at determining whether or not the NCAA should continue monitoring and enforcing compliance on the collegiate level. Paradigm The knowledge acquisition for this method will be based on actual research and primary sources. The research will make use of previous theoretical frameworks as a philosophical model for knowledge acquisition (Ruane, 2005). This implies that the actual findings from the research will be compared with the existing findings and theoretical model as a framework for arriving at the answer of the research questions. This implies that the research will significantly rely on primary data sources, which will be achieved using the data collection methods outlined later in this research proposal (Maxwell, 1996). In order to determine the accuracy of the discussion of the findings and recommendations, a comparative approach is recommended through the analysis of the influences of the research methodologies on the research findings and conclusions. Primary research involves the data acquisition based on first-hand information by the researcher (Fisher, 2007). This will be carried out using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, which will be based on a one-on-one approach with the respondent. Primary data sources serves as an effective method of carrying out a research because the information gathered is usually raw and has not been manipulated, this in turn increases the accuracy of the research study (Ruane, 2005). In addition, the primary data collected can be used to match against the secondary sources for accuracy purposes (Maxfield Babbie, 2009). The various ways of gathering primary data that were used during the research include questionnaires and interviews. Study design Research method is determined by the structure of the research question and the research context. Social research aims at providing an explanation for current state of affairs using predetermined variables (May, 2001). Research significantly depends on probability; therefore, providing an explanation why a given variable plays a significant role in determining the outcome is vital (Ruane, 2005). This implies that it is imperative for the research to put more emphasis on the findings, coupled with a correlation to the available theoretical frameworks to explain the effectiveness of the NCAA in addressing issues associated lack of institutional control and compliance (Nardi, 2003). When carrying out a research, the researcher can choose between qualitative and quantitative approaches. Quantitative approach en tails the compilation and breakdown of experimental data and statistics to result to infer a conclusion; it involves collecting data through investigative units such as questionnaires (Maxfield Babbie, 2009). Qualitative approach on the other hand utilizes analysis and evaluation of qualitative data through interviews and observation to reach a conclusion. This research requires the analysis of qualitative data that will be collected from the coaching staff, college administrators, compliance officials and personnel of the NCAA in relation to its effectiveness in enforcing compliance and monitoring the athletics programs at the collegiate level (Maxfield Earl, 2011). In addition, data collected will also entail the opinions of the players regarding the need for the NCAA to continue monitoring and enforcing compliance (Ruane, 2005). The data acquisition methods will incorporate both primary and secondary sources. This are because the data collected was in form of questionnaires and interviews, which are both quantitative and qualitative respectively. The deductive approach will be used since the research will begin with a description of concepts such as the variables affecting the effectiveness of NCAA, after which it will involve an analysis of empirical evidence. Therefore, a deductive approach was used because the research study commences with a research hypothesis and terminates with empirical measurement, analysis and evaluation of research findings (Ruane, 2005). Population and sample The target population for this research will mainly include college institutions in the state of South Carolina. The sample population will include the compliance officers in the colleges, staffs of athletic departments, NCAA personnel and the players. This implies that the sampling approach to be used in the research will be quota sampling in the sense that the respondents are grouped in accordance with their roles and responsibilities in ensuring accountability and compl iance with the regulations of the NCAA (Ritchie Lewis, 2003). Investigative techniques Data consists of two types: primary data which is collected by the researcher and secondary data which is collected by other researchers (Neuman, 2003). The research will utilize mainly primary data sources. Data collection is a significant requirement for the success of any social research since it determines the success of the research in terms of facilitating the inference of conclusions. This implies that a research should significantly rely on statistical data since it deploys a probabilistic approach to offer a rational explanation to the ways things are currently in the social context (Fisher, 2007). Questionnaires Ruane (2005, p.123) defines questionnaire as â€Å"self-contained, self-administered instrument for asking questions†. The questionnaire will be used to gather information on the perceptions of police workforce basing on gender orientations. The use of questionnaire is pr eferred because it facilitates the researchers to acquire enormous amounts of data within a limited time frame. The use of questionnaire will also provide a first-hand data from the respondents regarding the effectiveness of the NCAA in addressing the problems facing athletic programs at the collegiate level (Neuman Kreuger, 2006). The primary objective of a questionnaire is to encourage and offer motivation to the respondent to actively participate in the interview. This will be achieved through the use of interesting questions and visual aid representations for clarity. The respondents will be asked their opinions as to whether the NCAA should continue to monitor and enforce compliance at collegiate level. This will be aimed at captivating the motivation of the respondents to actively participate in the research study. The questionnaire will comprise of structured and unstructured (open) questions. A structured question can be either in form of multiple choices, dichotomous quest ions or scales (Ruane, 2005). Dichotomous questions are designed to collect the fundamental data from respondents such as Male or Female, age and other basic personal information. Dichotomous questions will save time required for the respondents to answer the questions. They will be in a simple format involving Yes or No multiple choice questions (Fisher, 2007). Checklists will be used to obtain diverse information from the respondents such as the minimum number of compliance officers required, whether monitoring and compliance is required or not, and whether the NCAA should be disbanded altogether. All these will be helpful in determining the need for monitoring and compliance enforcement within the colleges (Neuman W. L., 2003). Ratio Scales will be designed as a five-point scale range between 0 and 5 to indicate extremes of the need for changes in the structural and administrative organization of the NCAA. The will also be the open ended questions where the respondents will be ab le to open clarify and express their opinions in detail concerning the overall effectiveness of the NCAA in meeting specific requirements posed by collegiate sports requirements. This research aims to collect approximately 100 questionnaires from the various regions in the state of South Carolina. Semi-structured interviews Semi-structured interviews provide a large number of qualitative data. However, the limiting factor towards this approach is that interviews a lot of time. The semi-structured interviews will mainly involve selected players at collegiate level. Willing players will be interviewed immediately (Maxfield Babbie, 2009). Focus groups Ruane (2005) argues that focus groups are one of the most effective methods of gathering collective data. In addition, it offers an interactive approach to research. Focus groups used in the research will comprise of six individuals; three females and three males, with one facilitator. The proposed duration for a focus group meeting will range from forty five minutes to one hour. Instrumentation An Initial pilot study will be done in order to ensure the quality and accuracy of the questionnaire and interview’s questions. It will also be used to test the reliability and validity of the primary research through discussions with friends. The initial pilot study will be aimed at detecting and rectification of the difficulties concerning the questionnaires such as cases of ambiguity in the questions and lack of clarity (Neuman, 2003). It will be carried within the surroundings of the university and the neighbourhood. Data collections The collections will be collected within duration of one week after being issued to the respondents. In cases where possible, questionnaires will be distributed electronically to the target respondents. For electronic submissions, mail alerts will be used, while call alerts will be used for individual submission of the questionnaire (Maxfield Babbie, 2009). Data analysis plan Data a nalysis is an essential phase in research because it is used to infer conclusions. The research findings will offer a framework for determining the answer to the research question. It is therefore important that the data collected should be as accurate as possible to facilitate the process of data analysis. The data collected during the research will mainly entail qualitative data. This implies that both inferential and descriptive statistics was used to arrive at the conclusion (Maxfield Babbie, 2009). Descriptive statistics in research usually serve to summarize and describe data with quantities such as percentage, proportion, mean, mode, mode and other descriptive statistical quantities. Inferential statistics on the other hand was used to generalize on the sample population; it will generally entail the use of statistical tests such as variance, chi-square, standard deviation and other statistical test variables (Fisher, 2007). The approach for data analysis will consist of mai nly univariate data analysis, which examines the distribution of one statistical variable at a time. Bivariate data analysis will also be deployed in analysis cases that will require the evaluation of the relationship between two variables, for example, the relationship that exists between compliance enforcement and the occurrence of violations and scandals (Fisher, 2007). Ethical consideration (Human Subject Protections) Any social research must put into consideration the various ethical and legal concerns associated with conducting a social research (Neuman, 2003). Firstly, the questionnaire and interview questions should be devoid of sensitive questions. Majority of people fear for their views to be known and they seek confidentiality. The following is an outline of the ethical and legal issues associated with the research. The principle of voluntary participation: it requires that no correspondent will be forced into participating. In order to achieve these, the questionnaires will be issued to only participants who will be willing to participate in the research study. Preservation and anonymity of the respondents: all social research studies should aim at guaranteeing the anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents. All the information gathered will not be revealed to anyone under any circumstance. In addition the questionnaires will not be asking the respondents their names and associated personal information. The social research should guarantee no harm to participants and researchers before, during and after the research study. It is an ethical requirement of a social research study that the researcher should not put the respondent in a harmful situation through his participation in the project. All participant shall receive equal treatment without prejudice and they will be informed the reasons for the research prior to their participation. Assumptions The responses from the participants will be honest The number of the responses is adequate e nough to carry out accurate data analysis and answer the research question The data distribution will be normal Limitations The significant constraint that the research will face is the time constraints. This may result to inadequate collection of questionnaires. This may result to a higher marginal error. Another problem was that some target respondents might not be interested in answering the questions during the research and during interview. Some respondents may also provide inaccurate information, which will affect the accuracy of the findings and their respective interpretation. Data analysis and interpretation will deploy adequate provisions in order to addresses the anticipated marginal error imposed by the research methodology. Timeline period Task January Week 1-week 2 Research on more literature and read them. Week 3-week 4 Read on literature and make required notes February Week 1 Research on project management techniques. week 2 Make required consu ltations to matters pertaining the project Week 3 Identification of potential research areas Week 4 Gathering of necessary requirements for the research March Week 1 Design the questionnaire and interview questions. Establish Pilot questionnaires and interviews. Week 2 Restructure and review questionnaire and interview questions. Week 3 Draft the literature review and edit it. Week 4 Collect questionnaires and make appointments of interviews. April Week 1 Write literature review. Week 2 Revise the literature review and make necessary adjustments. Week 3 Data collection through questionnaires and interview Week 4 Continue with questionnaire and interviews. May Week 1 Analyse results of primary data. Week 2 Analyse results of primary data. Week 3 Write the research report Week 4 Conduct thorough Proof reading. Week 5 Submission of dissertation. References Bill, N. (2011, June 20). College Football 2011: With NCAA Amateurism a Joke, Heres How to Fix the Mess. Retrieved from Bleacher Report, Inc: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/741984-ncaa-and-amateurism-are-a-joke-how to-fix-the-college-football-mess/page/3 Elkin, A. (2011, August 17). NCAAs stricter academic rules: What does it mean for your team? Retrieved from CNN: http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/17/ncaas-stricter-academic-rules-what-does it-mean-for-your-team/ Fisher, C. (2007). Researching and writing a dissertation. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited. Fiutak, P. (2011, June 8). What The NCAA Needs To Do To Fix The System. Retrieved from CollegeFootballNews.com: http://cfn.scout.com/2/1077987.html Fleisher, A. (1992). The National Collegiate Athletic Association: a study in cartel behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Maxfield, M., Babbie, E. (2009). Basics of Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology. California: Wadsworth. Maxfield, M., Earl, B. (2011). Basics of Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology. New Y ork: Cengage Learning. Maxwell, J. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Thousand Oaks: Sage. May, T. (2001). Social Research Issues, methods and process. Maidenhead: OUP. Mc Millen, T. (2011, August 31). Accountability on the Quad. Retrieved from The New York Times: nytimes.com/2011/09/01/opinion/how-to-referee-college sports.html?_r=1 Nardi, P. (2003). Doing Survey Research- A Guide to Quantitative Methods. Boston: Pearson Education Inc. NCAA. (2011). Rules Compliance. Retrieved from ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/NCAA/Enforcement/Process/Char ing# Neuman, W. L. (2003). Social Research Methods- Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Pearson Education Inc. Neuman, W. L., Kreuger, L. (2006). Social work research methods with research navigator. New York: Allyn Bacon. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J. (2003). Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. Sage Publications: London. Ruane, J. M. (2005). Essentials of Res earch methods: a guide to social science research. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. Smith, E. (2011, May). USC vehemently disagrees with NCAAs rejection of appeal. Retrieved from USA Today: http://content.usatoday.com/communities/campusrivalry/post/2011/05/usc reaction-vehemently-disagree-ncaa-appeal-denied/1 Taylor, B. (2011, October). The Shame of College Sports. Retrieved from The Atlantic: theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/10/the shame-of-college-sports/8643/?single_page=true Yaeger, D. (1991). Undue process: the NCAAs injustice for all. New York: Sports Publishing LLC.

Why Car Interiors Get So Hot in Summer

Why Car Interiors Get So Hot in Summer Weve all heard the saying, If you cant take the heat, get out of the kitchen. But during summer, you could insert the word car  into that sentence just as easily. Why is it that your car feels like an oven, no matter if you park in the sun or shade? Blame the greenhouse effect.   A Mini Greenhouse Effect Yes, the same greenhouse effect that traps heat in the atmosphere and keeps our planet at a comfy temperature for us to live is also responsible for baking your car on warm days.  Your cars windshield not only allows you an unobstructed wide view while on the road, it also allows the sunlight an unobstructed pathway inside your cars interior. Just like , the suns shortwave radiation passes through a cars windows. These windows are only warmed a little, but the darker colored objects that the sunrays strike (like the dashboard, steering wheel, and seats) are heated immensely due to their lower albedo. These heated objects, in turn, heat the surrounding air by convection and conduction. According to a 2002 San Jose University study, temperatures in enclosed cars with a basic gray interior rise approximately 19 degrees F in 10 minutes time; 29 degrees in 20 minutes time; 34 degrees in half an hour; 43 degrees in 1 hour; and 50-55 degrees over a period of 2-4 hours.   The following table gives an idea of just how much above the outside air temperature ( °F)  your cars interior can heat up over certain periods of time.   Time Elapsed 70 F 75F 80F 85F 90F 95F 100F 10 minutes 89 94 99 104 109 114 119 20 minutes 99 104 109 114 119 124 129 30 minutes 104 109 114 119 124 129 134 40 minutes 108 113 118 123 128 133 138 60 minutes 111 118 123 128 133 138 143 1 hour 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 As you can see, even on a mild 75 degree day, the inside of  your car would warm to triple digit temperatures in just 20 minutes!  Ã‚   The table also reveals another eye-opening reality: that two-thirds of the temperature spike happens within the first 20 minutes! This is why drivers are urged not to leave children, the elderly, or pets in a parked car for any amount of time no matter how seemingly short because contrary to what youd think, the bulk of the temperature rise happens within those first few minutes.   Why Cracking the Windows is Useless If you think you can avoid the dangers of a hot car by cracking its windows, think again. According to the same San Jose University study, temperatures inside a car with its windows cracked down rise at a rate of 3.1  °F every 5 minutes, compared to 3.4  °F for closed windows. The   just isnt enough to significantly offset the .    Sunshades Offer Some Cooling Sunshades (shades that fit inside the windshield) are actually a better cooling method than cracking windows. They can reduce your cars temperature by as much as 15 degrees. For even more cooling action, spring for the  foil type since these actually reflect the suns heat back through the glass and away from the car. Why Hot Cars are a Hazard A stifling hot car isnt only uncomfortable, its also dangerous to your health. Just like overexposure to high air temperatures can cause heat illness such as heatstroke and hyperthermia, so can   but even faster since because they. this leads to hyperthermia and possibly death. Young children and infants, the elderly, and pets are most susceptible to heat illness because their bodies are less skilled at regulating temperature. (A childs body temperature warms 3 to 5 times faster than an adults.) Resources and links: NWS Heat Vehicle Safety: Children, Pets, and Seniors.   Heatstroke Deaths of Children in Vehicles. noheatstroke.org McLaren, Null, Quinn. Heat Stress from Enclosed Vehicles: Moderate Ambient Temperatures Cause Significant Temperature Rise in Enclosed Vehicles. Pediatrics Vol. 116 No. 1. July 2005.

Essay on colour in the sets and costumes of Leon Bakst

On colour in the sets and costumes of Leon Bakst - Essay Example equired, and only by experiment could the original intention of those who conceived and organized the theatre – the intention of establishing a real emotional and utilitarian relationship between the theatre and the mass of people be realized.† (Carter, 1929, p. 3)   During this period, in Russia the traditional idea of art did not receive much appreciation from the general public. Intellectuals and the rest of the public started to believe that art actually had a certain purpose in order to educate people and expose the actual facts of the society. The mode of writing dramas, use of symbolism and setting of drama, including costumes as well as use of colors also changed in a rapid way compared to the past and at the same time the world of theatre was greatly influenced by the aesthetics of East, deriving different aspects from Oriental Art to initiate a new tradition, â€Å"It brought together the art of stage scenery, the design of sets, costumes and props, the musi c of song and instrumental pit, the architecture of both the building in which the performance took place and the fantasy world portrayed beyond the proscenium arch , and the text and characterization of the play.† (MacKenzie, 1995, p. 176) In Western tradition of Art, East has always been considered the land of perfection and idealism for its â€Å"mysturiours† oriental arts and idyllic landscapes with scenes that the west did not have. During the time period of 1905-1915 Russian theatre and ballet emerged as main sources of inspiration for the West as well as performing arts. Paris, in the global context, used to be considered as the center of artistic culture and creativity. â€Å"The Russian Ballet with productions that achieved ‘art’ status, was a breakthrough making the line between culture, set and stage design collapse. It became one of the leading ballet companies of the twentieth century.† (Mayer) The summer of 1909, Paris witnessed the emergence of a great master, Leon Bakst, who

The Shaper of Medieval Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Shaper of Medieval Civilization - Essay Example The Church, and specifically its monasteries, helped in this regard by making "translations and compilations" of Classical works and by the "books collected and copied by monks and nuns," all of which "kept intellectual life from dying out completely in the Early Middle Ages (Perry 212). After Romes fall, the Church "assumed many political functions formerly performed by the Roman state" (Perry 212). Even during invasions by Germanic tribes which ruined a lot of things, the Churchs monks continued to teach "a higher morality," which both "tamed the warrrior habits of the Germanic people" and preserved "some of the high culture of Greece and Rome" (Perry 212). This was most highly seen by the Churchs influence on the Frankish Empire, which at one point occupied the majority of Europe. Since Clovis converted to Roman Christianity, "the Franks became a potential ally of the papacy" (Perry 215). With the rise of Charlemagne, this potential became reality, as the conqueror was "crowned ... Emperor of the Romans" in 800 AD by the pope at the time, Leo III (Perry 217). As the primary source for Chapter 9 shows, Charlemagne was not exactly an ignorant warrior and nothing else. Einhard describes the emperor as deriving "much pleasure from the works of St. Augustine, especially from his book called The City of God" (Einhard). The fact that he could read St. Augustine also shows that he spoke and read Latin, something Einhard confirms when he says the emperor "took pains to learn foreign languages, acquiring such knowledge of Latin that he could make an address in that language as well as in his own," and in fact could even understand Greek (Einhard). Clearly, then, Charlemagne was extraordinarily influenced by the Church and its messengers towards learning. Presumably because of his own reading and learning, the emperor was also supportive of education in general. He